Indonesia

Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the largest island nation in the world and the 14th largest country by land area, with an area of ​​1,904,569 square kilometers (735,358 sq mi). With a population of about 270 million, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the most populous country with a Muslim majority. Java, the most populated island globally, is home to over half of the country's population.

Indonesia is a presidential constitutional republic with an elected legislature. It includes 34 provinces, five of which have a special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the second-most populous urban area in the world. Indonesia has land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and eastern Malaysia and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast wilderness areas that maintain one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with businesses from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries, and the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars brought Islam, while Christianity was carried mainly by European explorers. Although interrupted at times by the Portuguese, French and British, the Dutch were the leading colonial power for most of their 350-year presence in the archipelago. The concept of "Indonesia" as a nation-state emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in Indonesia's independence in 1945. However, it was not until 1949 that the Dutch recognized Indonesia's sovereignty after an armed and diplomatic conflict.

Indonesia comprises hundreds of distinct indigenous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest of which are Javanese. A shared identity was formed under the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (literally "Unity in diversity," "many, but one"), defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism among the Muslim majority of the population, and history. Colonialism and revolt against it. Indonesia's economy is ranked 16th in the world regarding nominal GDP and 7th in terms of PPP. It is a regional power and is considered the middle power in world affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G20, and one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the East Asia Summit, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.