Peru

Peru is a country in the west of South America. It borders in the north with Ecuador and Colombia, in the east with Brazil, in the southeast with Bolivia, in the south with Chile, and in the south and west with the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a vast country with habitats stretching from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the Andes peaks stretching from the north to the southeast of the country to the rainforests of the Amazon Basin in the east with the Amazon River. ... Peru has a population of 33 million and its capital and largest city is Lima. Peru, with an area of ​​1.28 million km2 (0.5 million mi2), is the 19th largest country in the world and the third largest country in South America.

Several ancient cultures lived on the territory of Peru. From the Norte Chico civilization, from 3500 BC, the oldest civilization in America and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America. the longest history of civilization in any country, dating back to the 10th millennium BC.

The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty that encompassed most of the South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education began in the Americas with the official opening of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551. Peru officially declared independence in 1821, following the foreign military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simon Bolivar and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho. Peru gained independence in 1824. In subsequent years, the country maintained relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the Pacific War (1879-1884) with Chile. Throughout the 20th century, Peru experienced territorial armed disputes, coups, social unrest and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic recovery. In the 1990s, a neoliberal economic model was introduced in the country, which is still used today. Since then, Peru has seen steady economic growth and declining inequality.

The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Peru has a high level of human development, with upper middle income ranked 82nd in the Human Development Index. It is one of the most prosperous economies in the region with an average growth rate of 5.9% and one of the highest industrial growth rates in the world at an average of 9.6%. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country is part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries on the Pacific coast of Latin America that share overall positive growth trends, a stable macroeconomic foundation, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; he is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered average power.

The population of Peru includes mestizos, American Indians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua, Aymara, or other indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide variety of expressions in areas such as art, cuisine, literature and music.