Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. With an area of ​​1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles) and a population of only 3.3 million, it is the least populous sovereign state in the world. Mongolia is the largest landlocked country in the world, bordered by closed seas, with mountains to the north and west, Gobi Desert and grasslands to the south. .. Ulaanbaatar, the largest city in the capital, is home to half the country's population.

The territory of modern Mongolia is dominated by various nomadic kingdoms, including Xiongnu, Xianbei, Rouran Khaganate, and Gokturk. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire has become the largest adjacent land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty. After the fall of the renminbi, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and, with the exception of the days of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zhasagut Khan, resumed the earlier method of factional struggle. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia and further led to the Qing Dynasty founded by Manchuria, which annexed the country in the 17th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, almost one third of the adult male population were hermits. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence and gained real independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which supported its independence from China. In 1924, the People's Republic of Mongolia was established as a socialist country. After the anti-communist revolution of 1989, Mongolia implemented its own peaceful democratic revolution in the early 1990s. This resulted in a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and a transition to a market economy.

About 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Horse culture is essential. Buddhism is the majority religion and non-religion is the second largest group. Islam is the second largest religion and is concentrated in Kazakhstan. Most citizens are Mongolians, with about 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans and other ethnic minorities, especially from the west. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, the Asia Cooperation Dialogue, the G77, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Non-Aligned Movement and a global partner of NATO. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to increase its participation in regional economic and trade groups.